Emotion and value I

Emotion and Value I : Feeling, Goodness, and Building Oneself

General Description

Most of us aspire to live meaningful lives. Yet, many of us would struggle to explain what a meaningful life is. This course provides philosophical tools and frameworks useful to understand our aspiration for meaning.

In particular, the course examines the role that emotions and values play in making our lives meaningful. It does by focusing on life-defining moments such as transformative experiences and life's hard choices--big or small. Going to EPFL, falling in love, converting to a religion, emigrating to a new country, or becoming a vampire (should the latter possibility be offered to you) are experiences and choices that may change you profoundly.

The course explores the special and distinct ways in which life-defining moments relate to our emotions and our values. For instance, love may trigger transformation by changing your core values and confront you with hard choices, such as the choice between the status quo or moving with your life partner far away from your friends and family. As daunting as life-defining moments are, they may also constitute unique occasions to exercise a special power of ours: the normative power to change our values and, ultimately, who we are. Some philosophers believe that life-defining moments resemble paradigm changes in the sciences, a resemblance that may help our understanding of both personal transformation and scientific transformation.

The course offers a philosophical perspective on the above questions while drawing from other disciplines such as classical studies, cognitive science, economics, law, and psychology. In light of this interdisciplinary approach, a renowned expert in one of these fields is expected to join us for a guest lecture.

Through philosophical reflection on their emotions and values and the emotions and values of others, students will acquire tools enabling them to find meaning in (i) their personal or professional paths and (ii) the varied human communities and organizations to which they belong and that they may come to lead.

Detailed Description*

(1) Transformation, Values in Virtual Reality, and the Emotions of Life-Defining Moments

--With an introduction to philosophy and the philosophical method

We will begin with an overview of the philosophical program of the semester and address all questions regarding the work expected from students. In particular, we will discuss

(i) transformative experience in connection to paradigm shifts in the sciences (philosophy of the self, philosophy of science),

(ii) what the possibility of a good life in virtual reality teaches us about value (philosophy of value, value theory, ethics), and

(ii) what role some emotions may play in life-defining moments (philosophy of mind, philosophy of emotions).

We will raise questions such as the following: Which events have changed you? How has attending EPFL affected who you are? What roles do (your) values play in shaping who you are? Do emotions constitute ways of being in touch with (your) values? These questions will follow us throughout the semester.

During this introductory part of the course, we will also go over grading modalities (writing assignments, discussion chairing, class participation, etc.) and grading criteria. The instructor will introduce students to philosophy as a discipline and to the philosophical method specifically. For instance, the philosophical emphasis on clarity, concision, and truth will be highlighted by considering Edmund Gettier's famous "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"--a three-page paper that fundamentally changed our understanding of knowledge--and Harry Frankfurt's article "On Bullshit".

As suggested above, the overview of the philosophical program of the semester will reveal that values and emotions play a crucial role in life-defining moments. This result will confront us with two questions: What is (a) value? What is an emotion?

(2) Value

The second part of the course introduces students to the philosophy of value, also called value theory. In this section of the course, we will follow one quest: defining value(s).

Prima facie, values include things such as moral goodness, beauty, the sacred, and justice, and values are related to yet differ from other normative notions, such as the right to vote. Moreover, we will adopt the following working hypothesis:

Something is a (positive) value if and only the more there is of that thing, the better the world is.

A distinctive feature of this working hypothesis is that it seemingly treats value like a quantity or a magnitude. But we will see that in many regards, values differ from familiar empirically measurable quantities or magnitudes. For instance, while the mass of any object A is equal, greater than, or smaller than the mass of another object B, some philosophers believe that the value of an object A may be neither equal, nor greater than, nor smaller than the value of a (different) object B; the two objects may be, to put it roughly, incommensurable value-wise. The possibly life-defining choice between going to EPFL or attending a prestigious Law school may be hard for that precise reason: the two options may be incommensurable value-wise. So, something in the nature of values seems relevant to the structure of at least some transformative decisions and hard choices.

And as we progress in our quest to define value, we will come across types of values less commonly known than those already mentioned. For example, the traditional opposition between instrumental value and intrinsic value has shaped much of value theory. Indeed, some things have value only in virtue of what they can help us obtain (i.e., instrumental value; think of, e.g., money), whereas other things have value in themselves (i.e., intrinsic value; think of, e.g., happiness). In contrast to things that have only instrumental value, things that have intrinsic value are traditionally thought to provide a foundation for our moral lives. Another important distinction is the contrast between the personal value of, say, a quickly snatched picture of you and your friends at the entrance of EPFL's Rolex Building and the impersonal value of a professionally taken, much more sophisticated picture of the entrance of the same Rolex Building. With such distinctions, we will be able to ask which specific types of values are at stake in life-defining moments and which emotions, if any, give us access to these specific types of values.

(3) Emotion

The third part of the course introduces students to the philosophy of mind while paying special attention to the affective domain within the mind. In this section of the course, we will follow one quest: defining emotion.

Prima facie, emotions include phenomena such as hope, joy, grief, compassion, love, nostalgia, shame, and pride. But we will see that some of these phenomena may not be emotions: indeed, we will distinguish emotions from other mental states, such as belief, and other affective phenomena, such as moods and "sentiments". Our starting point to define emotion will be the following working hypothesis:

Any instance of an emotion is (i) about something relatively specific  (e.g., typically, one is proud of something, say, of completing one's master's degree), (ii) feels a relatively specific way that resembles how other instances of the same emotion feel (e.g., experiences of pride resemble each other in the way they feel, but they feel different from experiences of shame), and (iii) may be appropriate or not (it is appropriate to be proud of completing one's master's degree, and it is typically inappropriate to be proud of failing to complete one's degree).

But we will see that this working hypothesis about emotion is rather ambitious. Finding a definition of emotion that satisfies (i), (ii), and (iii) has proved difficult for many philosophers, including those, for instance, that view emotions as being, ultimately, sensations of pleasure and displeasure or those that view emotions as being, ultimately, value judgments.

And as we progress in our quest to define emotion, we will come to consider the following intriguing possibility: emotions give us access to values and may thus constitute an affective compass to navigate our moral lives. Sometimes that compass helps us protect ourselves from "mental corruption" by reminding us of our values. But at other times, this compass helps us face life's hard choices and transform who we are by embracing new values.

Guest lecture: TBC.

A word about philosophy and philosophy courses in general

Philosophers have long been famous for their disputationes (i.e., debates). Indeed, exchanges play a central role in philosophy. Students should come to class prepared to discuss the mandatory reading assignments. The selected mandatory readings are, generally speaking, short and accessible, and they stand out as pleasant, if not entertaining, reads that shaped the subsequent philosophical discussion.

Specifically, mandatory readings will amount to a maximum of 20 pages per week. This maximum will only be reached for the most accessible readings. The more difficult the readings will be, the fewer pages will be assigned so that students have time to engage with the readings and reflect on them.

Indeed, the main mission of students with regard to readings and class materials is to reflect on them and come up with their own questions, thoughts, objections, claims, and arguments. The goal of this course is not for the students to remember every detail of the readings or the course materials. Readings and class materials are starting points to help students develop their own thoughts on emotion, value, and the self. In fact, some of the best extant philosophy results from "misunderstanding" or "misreading" some idea in past philosophical works and building on that misunderstanding to get closer to the truth of a certain matter.

*Note: The instructor may adjust the content and structure of the course described above to a reasonable extent, in particular at the beginning of the semester, when the instructor will be able to assess more accurately the needs of enrolled students. The guest lecture mentioned above is yet to be confirmed and is subject to approval by the Collège des Humanités.